Stegosaurs - The Spiked, Plated Dinosaurs

As dinosaurs go, stegosaurs are relatively easy to describe: these quadrupedal, small-to-medium-sized, small-brained herbivores were characterized by the double rows of plates and spikes along their backs and the sharp spikes on the ends of their tails. By far the most famous stegosaur (and the one that has lent its name to this entire family) is, of course, Stegosaurus, but there are at least a dozen other closely related genera, most of which are no less important from a historical perspective. (See a gallery of stegosaur pictures and profiles and Why Did Stegosaurus Have Plates on its Back?) Evolutionarily speaking, stegosaurs are classified as ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. Their closest relatives were the armored dinosaurs known as ankylosaurs, and they were more distantly related to other four-footed plant-eaters like hadrosaurs (aka duck-billed dinosaurs) and ornithopods. In a crucial way, though, stegosaurs were less successful than these other dinosaurs: they only flourished toward the end of the Jurassic period (about 160 to 150 million years ago), with only a handful of species managing to survive into the ensuing Cretaceous. Types of Stegosaurs Because they constituted such a small family of dinosaurs, its relatively easy to distinguish among the various types of stegosaurs. The earlier, smaller stegosaurs of the middle to late Jurassic period are known as huayangosaurids, typified by, you guessed it, Huayangosaurus and less well-known genera like the European Regnosaurus. The better-known stegosaurids were larger, with more elaborate spikes and plates, and are best represented by the classic body plan of Stegosaurus. As far as paleontologists can tell, the stegosaur family tree took root with the huayangosaurids of Asia, and grew larger and more ornate by the time Stegosaurus planted itself in North America. There are still some mysteries, though: for example, the tantalizingly named Gigantspinosaurus had two huge spikes protruding from its shoulders, making its exact classification within the stegosaur line (if it even belongs there) a matter of controversy. The last stegosaur to appear in the fossil record is the mid-Cretaceous Wuerhosaurus, though its possible that some as-yet-undiscovered genus may have survived to the brink of the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago. Why Did Stegosaurs Have Plates? The most enduring mystery about stegosaurs is why they possessed those characteristic double rows of plates and spikes along their backs, and how these plates and spikes were arranged. To date, no stegosaur fossil has been unearthed with the plates still attached to its skeleton, leading some paleontologists to conclude that these scutes (as theyre technically called) lay flat along the dinosaurs back, like the thick armor of ankylosaurs. However, most researchers still believe that these plates were arranged semi-vertically, as in popular reconstructions of Stegosaurus. This leads naturally to the question: did these plates have a biological function, or were they strictly ornamental? Because scutes pack a large surface area into a small volume, its possible that they helped to dissipate heat during the night and absorb it by day, and thus regulated their owners presumably cold-blooded metabolism. But its also possible that these plates evolved to deter predators, or to help differentiate males from females. The trouble with these latter two explanations is that a) its hard to see how an upright array of blunt plates could possibly have intimidated a hungry Allosaurus, and b) there has been very little evidence to date of sexual dimorphism among stegosaurs. The prevailing theory is a bit less exciting: the bulk of opinion today is that the plates and spikes of stegosaurs evolved as a way of differentiating individuals within the herd, along the same lines as the slightly varying black-and-white stripes of zebras (because they were well supplied with blood, these scutes may also have changed color with the seasons). No such controversy attaches to the sharp spikes at the end of most stegosaurs tails, which were doubtless used for defensive purposes (and are often called thagomizers in tribute to a famous Far Side cartoon by Gary Larson).

Celebrating Independence Day - 1146 Words

Independence Day, since the first signing of the Declaration of Independence, has been a nationwide victorious day filled with cheer in celebration of the United States gaining freedom from the British Crown. But the effects of the Declaration of Independence did not at all do what it was expected of for almost three centuries. During this time, there were a lot of famous people who stood up and fought against slavery, and Frederick Douglass was one of the most well-known abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was born as a slave in Maryland in 1895. He was also a journalist, orator, and social reformer, but most of all, he is famous for his leadership as an abolitionist. Spending his young ages as a slave, he was the victim of and witness of cruelty at the hands of his owners, therefore he had strong hatred toward slavery in the United States. After escaping from slavery to be a free man in 1838, he published several autobiographies and became an outspoken advocate for the abolitionist m ovement. One of the most recognized speeches of Frederick Douglass - â€Å"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?† - was held on the nations 76th anniversary. By revealing unfairness and injustice of racism throughout this speech, Douglass, with his angry but passionate and vigorous voice, not only got the audiences sympathy but also succeeded in convincing them that â€Å"all men are created equal†, no matter what color of their skin. The first part of his speech praises what the founding fathersShow MoreRelatedWhat Does Celebrating June 4th Say About Americans?964 Words   |  4 PagesHead: What Does Celebrating July 4th Say About Americans? 1 2 What Does Celebrating July 4th Say About Americans? What Does Celebrating July 4th Say About Americans? 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Views on Baz Luhrman’s Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

Capulet my name is anonymous. My topic for the IOP is based on the film ‘Romeo and Juliet by B Luhrmann . I am going to impersonate William Shakespeare with a monologue where I shall speak aloud my views on Baz Luhrman’s adaptation of my text. We will write a custom essay sample on Views on Baz Luhrman’s Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I wrote this book I was attracting a crowd with very orthodoxed thnking . the idea of two young lovers going against the society merely for lust was intolerable! hence in my book they died 4 days into their courtship. Death was their punishment for going against the knomes of the society. my book was a one with a serious message put forth to the reader. Where as the movie which was adapted frm my text seems to be moulded inorder to attract an audience with a very openmindset mindset who prefer entertainment over moral values. It had a many humourous scenes ,mercutio dressing up like a girl and dancing at the capulets party,which the modern crowd would enjoy more. The main objective of the this movie was to make money,which was done by mocking at my well known novel of romeo and Juliet.. adapting their movie from my book must have been a huge advantage for them as tthey wouldn’t have needed any script or a new story which has the risk of being disliked by the audience. hey just changed the costumes and situations into modern day ones which will obviously entertain the audience as they picture romeo as a young teenager in the days of old and not wearing a suit and smoking a cigarette on the beach.. the movie has a many differnces compared to the book in order to make the film more entertaining. in my book Juliet was 14 years ol d but in the movie Juliet doesn’t appear to be 14 at all. the movie makers changed this aspect of the book in their movie in order to make the scenes expressing lust more entertaining for the crowd. But the reason I had Juliet to be so young in the book was to highlight fact that her actions were all justified by the fact that she was immature. The costumes of the actors in the movie were very western and commonly worn by the people of the new times. in my book they were meant to be dress the way the people did during the time of the book being published. instead of wearing the olden day clothes characters like benvolio were wearing hawaian shirts and romeo was dressed in a suit smoking a cigarette on the beach . scenes like this weren’t common to see in days when I wrote the book. Instead of actually swords the charactes threatened each other with shinning pistols with the word â€Å"sword† carved on them. this aspect of the movie killed the seriousness as in the opening scene the capulets pointed a pistol at the montagues and ordered him to raise his â€Å"sword†. How will two people have a dramatic fight holding two pistols against each other? In my book this scene was supposed to be a dramatic fight . The royal prince was replaced by a police official to make the movie more relative to the modern world. The reason my book had a royal prince was to highlight he fact that these two lovers were going against the will of the highest authority. the movie portrayed the same situation but the police official replacing the prince is another example which I saw where barz luhrman has presented a change in the film for it to be resembling a modern life situation. In two offices of the capulets and the montagues were shown in the film as tall skyscrapers where as my book was geographically set in Verona which is supposed to be a small and silent town. During the time when I wrote this book ,writers and producers would only produce works which gave some hints to make the viewers or readers to ponder over certain real life situations. but I guess times have changed and so has the mindset and the taste of the audience. they seem to enjoy mockeries instead of eye openers I feel barz luhrman has not been faithful to my text while depicting it as a mmovie because the movie simply mocks at the text i f I had an option to create a film depicting my text it would have been very different not changing any scenes for it to be enjoyed by the modern crowd. How to cite Views on Baz Luhrman’s Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government

Question: Describe about the Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government? Answer: Introduction Communication is the main purpose of the total information system. Weather in the ancient time or even in the modern time communication system was given the top most priority. In this chapter the researcher will diversify about the concept of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management along with its advantages and disadvantages (Albarakati and Qayyum, 2015). Background of the study According to Morris (2011), in the modern generation the concept of internet application has given the most important breakthrough. It has enhanced the total communication system totally. Development of communication system is a long process. The entire researchers across the word perform various kinds of research work and research project in order to implement a better way of communication. In this particular assignment the researcher will discuss about a modern concept of could based ERP System. Research Aims and Objectives This particular research is based on the Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The main objective of this particular proposal is to diversify the concept of Cloud Computing and to focus on its advantages and disadvantages. Different kinds of research methodology is adopted by the researcher in order to gather complete information about the applications of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management. To identify the potential benefits of ERP system for retail business To evaluate the key benefits of Cloud Based ERP system for retail business organization To recommend the appropriate software tools of ERP system for retail marketers Research Questions What are the key benefits of ERP system for retail marketers? What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloud based ERP system in retail business management? What is Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management? Literature Review In this particular proposal the researcher will discuss about the concept of cloud computing system. Cloud Computing system is based on the Data Base Management System (DBMS). An imaginary cloud is present with a common access loaded with data. There is a common access system over the cloud. In order to increase the flexibility of the data access in an enterprise the concept of cloud computing system is introduced (Sasikala, 2011). Use of Cloud based ERP system in Retail Business According to La Barge (2012), there are many advantages of the cloud computing system. The major advantage of cloud computing system is the flexibility in the access. By using a particular User ID and a proper Password anyone can get the full access of the database. The importance of this particular database is regarding the portability function. Any user with a valid user Id and password can get the full access of the database from everywhere and from anywhere. It increases the flexibility of the work. The second advantage is regarding the data base management system. Cloud Computing is a proper database system where the data are fully protected. In any Enterprise the most important asset is data. Data protection is generally an important part of the management system. With the help of Cloud Computing the concept of the data storing system has changed totally. It is a system with 0% fault tolerance i.e. the data is stored with full protection. Further this particular concept is diversified with virtualization. Generally all the storage system is getting virtualized. This will ensure in the increase of portability and flexibility. Figure 1: Advantages (Source : Chhabra and Kumar 2012) Problems of Cloud based ERP system in retail business As per Alam (2012), cost factor is one of the most crucial factors in the concept of cloud computing. There are many kinds of retails sectors. The cost factor becomes the primary barrier to implement this concept. Small organization cannot to implement this particular system due to cost. The application of Cloud Computing is very vast. Generally all the small business organization cannot afford to implement. The second disadvantage is regarding the accessibility. Accessibility of cloud computing is very much diversified. The popularity is very much less. In the enterprise resource planning system the implementation of Cloud computing system is not done on a proper basis. On the other hand there are two more disadvantages. The first disadvantage is regarding the reliability and control factor and about its compliance and security factor. These are the additional two factors which restricts its popularity (Chhabra and Kumar 2012). Figure 2: Disadvantages (Source : Albarakati, 2015, pp- 19). Research Methods Mainly there are three kinds of research philosophy. Positivism, Interpretivism and realism. In this particular research work the researcher applied the concept of positivisms research philosophy because the positivism helps to understand the reality of the research work. As per research methodology there are two kinds of research approach. One is inductive method and on the other hand there is inductive method. The researcher has used the deductive approach of research methodology. The researcher has used two types of data collection method in order to complete the research work. One method of data collection is known as the primary method of data collection and on the other hand there is secondary method of data collection. Further the data collection procedure is divided into quantitative part and qualitative part. There are three kinds research designs which are used by the researcher in order to complete the research work. The three kinds of research designs are explanatory, exp loratory and descriptive. In this particular assignment the researcher has taken the explanatory research design in order to complete the research the research work. The researcher used the concept of probability sampling method in order to support the data collection procedure (Chhabra and Kumar, 2012). Figure 3: Research Methodology (Source: Chhabra and Kumar, 2012, pp-255). Results and Analysis By applying two kinds of data collection procedure the researcher has gone through various kinds views regarding the concept of Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The researcher got a mixed view in the data collection methods. Due to its high cost the process of implementation is very slow. It is only possible for the big organization to implement this total procedure and on the other hand small organization cannot afford to implement this service. Conclusion This particular proposal is based on the Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The researcher concluded about the advantages as well as disadvantages of cloud computing system. In this proposal the researcher mainly focuses on the different kinds of challenges and barriers regarding the implementation of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management. In order to support the research work in an effective manner the researcher applied various kinds of research methodology. Reference List Chhabra, S. and Kumar, M. (2012). Strategic enterprise resource planning models for e-government. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). An Overview of Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.15-19. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation in Institutions and its Civilizing Temperament/Nature. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.20-24. J.Albarakati, A. and Qayyum, J. (2015). Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II. IJAIS, 8(6), pp.5-8. Morris, J. (2011). Sounds in the cloud: Cloud computing and the digital music commodity. First Monday, 16(5). Sasikala, P. (2011). Cloud computing: present status and future implications. IJCC, 1(1), p.23. Alam, M. (2012). Cloud Algebra for Handling Unstructured Data in Cloud Database Management System.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.35-42. LaBarge, R. (2012). Cloud Penetration Testing.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.43-62.